CBSE Class 12 Biology 2026 Question Paper

Identify the plant in which emasculation is not required for artificial hybridization.

Which of the following is not a component of immune system ?

Select the option that shows correct statements : (i) Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. (ii) Only FSH attains a peak level in middle of cycle. (iii) LH surge induces rupture of graafian follicle. (iv) Luteal phase of menstrual cycle is also called proliferative phase.

Select the mismatched pair :

Pomato was produced by fusing protoplasts of

In an ecosystem, different species occupy different levels and vertical distribution of species is found. This is called _________.

Which of the following sacred groves is found in Meghalaya ?

In the following figure, two ways of pairing of two homologous pairs of chromosomes are shown. Which of the following phenomena is expressed ?

Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option : Column-I: a. Biolistic gun, b. Chitinase, c. Ti, d. Ca++ Column-II: i. Bacterial cell, ii. Tumour inducing, iii. Animal cell, iv. Fungal cell, v. Plant cell

The idea of use and disuse of organs for evolution of organism was proposed by

Which of the following statements about plasmids is incorrect ?

Which connective tissue connects ovary to pelvic wall and uterus ?

Assertion (A) : The population of melanized moths increased in industrial areas after Industrial Revolution. Reason (R) : In Industrial environment lichen covered trees were replaced by soot-covered trees offering better camouflage to dark coloured moths.

Assertion (A) : The milk produced by transgenic cow `Rosie' was nutritionally more balanced product for human babies than natural cow milk. Reason (R) : It was human protein enriched milk containing human alpha lactaglobulin.

Assertion (A) : Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments in secondary treatment of sewage. Reason (R) : Flocs help in digestion of solid waste by anaerobic respiration.

Assertion (A) : In terrestrial ecosystem much larger fraction of energy flows through grazing food chain. Reason (R) : Grazing food chain may be connected to Detritus food chain at some levels.

(a) Define Humoral immune response. [1] (b) Name any two types of antibodies found to give humoral immune response in humans. [1]

(a) (i) How does a farmer use dormancy of seed to his advantage? [1] (ii) Differentiate between pea seed and castor seed. [1] OR (b) Identify the stage of follicle where primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division. Also mention the products of this division. [2]

Study the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that is shown below and answer the questions. 5' – GAATTC – 3' 3' – CTTAAG – 5' (a) What are such sequences called? Name the enzyme used that recognises such nucleotide sequences. [1] (b) How do these enzymes function? [1]

(a) Analyse the following two cases of sex determination in different organisms: Case I : Males have (XO) sex chromosomes and females have two copies of same sex chromosome (XX). Case II : Females have two different sex chromosomes (ZW) and males have two copies of same sex chromosome (ZZ). Identify the type of heterogamety in each case, giving one example of each. [1+1] OR (b) (i) Differentiate between a DNA and RNA nucleotide. [1] (ii) Name the two types of bonds present within a single nucleotide. [1]

(a) Given below is a pyramid found in an ecosystem, where each bar represents the standing crop available in the trophic level. [Diagram: an inverted ecological pyramid – a wide upper bar labelled 'PC' resting on a narrower lower bar labelled 'PP'.] (i) Identify the kind of pyramid and with the help of an example explain the conditions where this kind of pyramid is possible in nature. [1] (ii) Write any two limitations of ecological pyramids. [1] OR (b) In an ecosystem there was loss of biodiversity due to some project in that area. (i) How will biodiversity be affected? (2 points) [1] (ii) List two major causes of loss of biodiversity. [1]

(a) Do all pollen grains remain viable for the same length of time? Support your answer with two suitable examples. [2½] (b) How are pollen grains stored in pollen banks? [½]

(a) What is pedigree analysis? Mention its importance in human genetics. (2 pts.) [1+1] (b) Analyse the following pedigree and write the (i) Pattern of inheritance. [½] (ii) Give one example of disease showing such an inheritance pattern. [½] [Pedigree chart provided below the question.]

(a) How is Hardy-Weinberg expression $(p^2 + 2pq + q^2) = 1$ derived? [2] (b) List any two factors that disturb the genetic equilibrium. [1]

Draw a neat diagram of megasporangium of an angiosperm and label any six parts. [$\frac{1}{2} \times 6 = 3$]

(a) Mention the scientific name of the source plant and the part from which opioids are extracted. [1] (b) How are morphine and heroin related? Mention the effect each one of them has on human body. [2]

A farmer grew two varieties of corn crop in field A and B. He grew normal corn crops in field A and GM corn crops in field B. He observed that corn borers attacked only in field A. To control it, spores of Bt were sprayed on field A. (a) Name the gene in the spores responsible for control of pest. [½] (b) What effect will the spores of Bt have on insect pest? [1½] (c) How has corn plants of field B developed resistance against this pest? Explain. [1]

Observe the given picture carefully. A mixture of DNA with fragments ranging from 100 base pairs to 1800 base pairs were separated by electrophoresis on agarose gel with the following arrangement: [Diagram 1 provided.] (a) What result will be obtained in staining with ethidium bromide? Explain with reasons. [1] (b) The above setup was modified as shown below and a band with 100 base pairs was obtained at X. [Diagram 2 provided.] What changes were made to the previous design to get a band at 'X'. Why did the band appear at 'X'? [2]

(a) Identify and define the ecological phenomenon demonstrated by this observation. [1] OR (a) State the principle that explains the elimination of one species. [1]

(b) Two different species can compete for the same resource. Give another example of it. [1]

(c) How do species avoid competition in nature? Explain with an example. [2]

(a) What can you infer about the genotype of parents in crosses I and II? [1] OR (a) Which genetic cross is represented by these crosses? [1]

(b) Looking at bar graph of cross III, identify the type of cross performed and its importance in genetics. [2]

(c) What conclusion can you draw from the results of bar graphs of crosses I and II? Name the genetic principle illustrated. [1]

(a) Trace the events from fertilization till implantation of blastocyst in human female. Also mention the site where fertilization takes place. [5] OR (b) (i) Case studies of some couples are given below. They were not able to have kids even though the parents were not taking any precautions. They also do not wish to adopt a child or take the help of donors. Study these cases and suggest an appropriate Assisted Reproductive Technology that could help them. Case I – Female – Normal Reports. Male – Normal sperms but no connection between epididymis and vas deferens. [1] Case II – Female – Normal eggs but Fallopian tube blocked. Male – Normal sperms. Male reports are normal. [1] Case III – Female – Normal Reports. Male – Low sperm count with less motility. [1] (ii) Copper releasing intrauterine devices are very effective and popular contraceptive devices. Name any two copper releasing IUDs. Write two reasons that make them effective contraceptives. [2]

(a) (i) Watson and Crick's discovery of double helical structure was based on which two findings. Also mention the name of the scientists associated with these findings. [2] (ii) Write down the salient features of double helix structure of DNA (any three points). [3] OR (b) Given below is a stretch of DNA showing the coding strand of structural gene of transcription unit. 5' - ATG ACC GTA TTT TCT GTA GTG CCC GTA CTT CAG GCA TTA 3' (i) Write the corresponding template strand and m-RNA strand that will be transcribed along with its polarity. [2] (ii) If GUA of transcribed mRNA is an intron, then depict the sequence involved in formation of mRNA / mature / processed hnRNA strand: (1) In a bacterium [1] (2) In humans [1] (iii) How many amino acids the resulting polypeptide will have after the process of translation in humans? [1]

(a) (i) Name the protozoan species that is responsible for causing the most serious and even fatal malarial disease. [½] (ii) Name the host in which the parasite completes its sexual stages and explain the changes taking place. [2] (iii) How does the parasite damage the human body after entering the blood stream? [1½] (iv) Suggest two effective preventive measures to control the spread of this disease in endemic regions. [1] OR (b) (i) What are bio-fertilizers? [1] (ii) Name the different types of microorganisms used as bio-fertilizers in organic farming and explain how each contributes to soil fertility. [3] (iii) Write two advantages of using bio-fertilizers over chemical fertilizers. [1]