Match column-I with column-II correctly and choose the appropriate option:
Column-I (Approach): a. Income Approach; b. Welfare Approach; c. Basic Needs Approach; d. Capability Approach
Column-II (Characteristics): i. Proposed by International Labour Organisation; ii. Health, education and access to resources - key factors; iii. It is one of the oldest approach; iv. Human being - targeted beneficiaries
Match column-I with column-II correctly and choose the appropriate option:
Column-I (Approach): a. Income Approach; b. Welfare Approach; c. Basic Needs Approach; d. Capability Approach
Column-II (Characteristics): i. Proposed by International Labour Organisation; ii. Health, education and access to resources - key factors; iii. It is one of the oldest approach; iv. Human being - targeted beneficiaries
Options
Correct option: D — a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii. Income Approach is the oldest; Welfare Approach targets human beings as beneficiaries; Basic Needs Approach was proposed by the ILO; Capability Approach (Amartya Sen) stresses health, education and access to resources.
Marking Scheme
- 11 mark: correctly matching all four pairs (a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii) — option D.
Hint
Remember: ILO → Basic Needs; Amartya Sen → Capability (health/education/resources); oldest → Income; beneficiary-focused → Welfare.
Quick Oral Answer
Income approach is the oldest (growth-based); Welfare approach treats people as beneficiaries; Basic Needs approach (ILO) lists essential needs; Capability approach (Amartya Sen) stresses health, education and access to resources.
Analysis & Explanation
This question tests the four classical approaches to human development.
Correct matching (Option D)
- a. Income Approach – iii. It is one of the oldest approaches; it treats level of income/economic growth as the main indicator of development.
- b. Welfare Approach – iv. Human beings are the targeted beneficiaries; the state is expected to enhance welfare through public expenditure on education, health and social security.
- c. Basic Needs Approach – i. Proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO); it identifies essential needs such as health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing.
- d. Capability Approach – ii. Health, education and access to resources are the key factors; associated with economist Amartya Sen, it focuses on building human capabilities rather than merely raising income.
Why the other options are wrong
- Options A and B wrongly pair the Income Approach with 'ii' and confuse the ILO-linked Basic Needs Approach with the oldest Income Approach.
- Option C swaps 'i' and 'ii' between the Basic Needs and Capability approaches, confusing the ILO's list of needs with Sen's capability factors.
Common Mistakes
- 1Confusing the Basic Needs Approach (ILO, needs like health/education/water/sanitation) with the Capability Approach (Amartya Sen's idea of building human capabilities).
- 2Assuming the Income Approach is a beneficiary/welfare-based approach rather than the oldest, purely economic-growth-based approach.
Interesting Facts
The Capability Approach was developed by economist Amartya Sen, who won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998, partly for this contribution to welfare economics.
The Basic Needs Approach, identified by the ILO in 1976, initially listed six basic needs and was later expanded to include participation and employment.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Who proposed the Capability Approach to human development?
The Capability Approach is associated with economist Amartya Sen, who argued that building human capabilities in health, education and access to resources matters more than income alone.
Which body proposed the Basic Needs Approach?
The Basic Needs Approach was proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which identified essential needs like health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing.