(a) List three different categories of contraception methods. (b) Why has Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law? State its benefits in the long run. (c) Unsafe sexual act can lead to various infections. Name two bacterial and two viral infections caused due to unsafe sex.

(a) Functions of Female Reproductive Organs:

• (i) Ovary: It produces the female germ-cells (eggs or ova) and secretes female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
• (ii) Oviduct (Fallopian Tube): It carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus and serves as the site where fertilization (fusion of sperm and egg) takes place.

(b) Changes in the Uterus:

• (i) When it has to receive a zygote: The uterus prepares itself every month. Its inner lining (endometrium) becomes thick, spongy, and richly supplied with blood vessels to nourish and support the developing embryo after implantation.
• (ii) When no fertilization takes place: The thick, spongy inner lining of the uterus is no longer needed. It slowly breaks down and is expelled through the vagina along with blood and mucous. This monthly cycle is known as menstruation, which lasts for about 2 to 8 days.

(c) Function of the Placenta:

• The placenta is a specialized disc-like tissue embedded in the uterine wall that connects the embryo to the mother's blood system.
• It provides a large surface area for the transfer of glucose and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo.
• It also facilitates the removal of metabolic waste products generated by the embryo by transferring them into the mother's blood.