CBSE Class 12 Economics 2026 Question Paper

In a two sector economy, the flow of factor payments moves from __________ to __________. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks)

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : Money is of perishable nature and is generally accepted by all at any point of time. Reason (R) : Money serves as a store of value, facilitating individuals to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.

Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : Depreciation of currency is an economic action undertaken by the government of a nation under the fixed exchange rate system. Statement 2 : Under the floating exchange Rate system, authorities actively intervene in the foreign exchange market by way of maintaining foreign exchange reserves. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following :

In an economy, when __________ is insufficient to achieve the level of output corresponding to the full employment, the difference is termed a deflationary gap. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)

In an economy, exclusion of ___________ may lead to under estimation of the value of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank) (i) Barter Transactions (ii) Services provided by family members (iii) Illegal activities (iv) Depreciation of Assets

Identify, which of the following is true at the Break Even level of Income. (Choose the correct option)

Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : Final goods are those goods which normally lose their identity in the production process. Statement 2 : Final goods may get transformed during the consumption process by a consumer. (Choose the correct option)

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : Unilateral Transfers are recorded in the Current Account of the Balance of Payments (BoP) of a nation. Reason (R) : Capital account records transactions which cause a change in the assets or liabilities of the country.

"In the Indian Banking System, the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) plays a vital role in controlling the credit creation capacity of the Commercial Banks, as it __________." (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)

In an economy, the currency held by the public, Net Demand Deposits with Commercial Banks and Net Time Deposits with Commercial Banks stand at ` 1,42,000 crore, ` 22,000 crore and ` 86,000 crore respectively. The value of Money Supply (M1) would be ` __________ crore. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)

(A) Meera and Shahid are two classmates, who were comparing India's economic growth over the years. Meera referred to the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices prevailing in market, while Sahid insisted on considering GDP after adjusting for inflation. Their debate on which of the two measures gives a true picture of people's well-being, remained inconclusive. Considering the above mentioned situation, elaborate with valid reason, which of the two variables is considered a better indicator of welfare and why ? OR (B) Two friends, Ravi and Harry were discussing whether the money received from sale of an old car should be included in India's National income. Ravi was of the view that it should be included in India's National income while Harry did not agree with him. They also had difference of opinion on the treatment of brokerage paid to the car dealer. As their Economics teacher, state the treatments with valid arguments.

"Under the provisions stated in the Section 20 and Section 21 of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934, the RBI is mandated to handle the banking operations of the Government of India." In the light of the given statement, elaborate the indicated function of the Reserve Bank of India.

(A) For a hypothetical economy, assuming there are only two firms (X and Y) with equal values of Gross Value Added (GVA). On the basis of the following data, estimate the value of Domestic Sales of both the firms (X and Y) : S. No. | Items | Amount (in ` crore) (i) Value of Output of firm Y | 700 (ii) Purchases by firm X from firm Y | 200 (iii) Exports by firm X | 100 (iv) Purchases by firm Y from firm X | 150 (v) Additions to Stock of firm X | 50 OR (B) Ms. Reeta D'Costa, retired from the post of Income Tax Commissioner in the year 2023. Apart from her pension, she also receives the following from various sources : - Rental income from a flat she owns. - Interest income from her fixed deposits. - Money sent by her children settled abroad. Identify and classify, her monthly incomes into `factor income' and `transfer income', with valid reasons.

Michel, an entrepreneur of Country Zeta, borrowed $5 million from an overseas bank to expand his textile business. During the same financial year, the Government of Country Zeta secured a loan of$ 30 Billion from an International Financial Institution to manage the ongoing Balance of Payments. Samuel, an Economics student categorised both of these transactions as `autonomous transactions' in the BoP account of the country. Do you agree with his classification ? Justify your answer with valid reasons.

Refer the given image carefully : Explain any two measures that can be taken by the Central Bank to control the indicated macroeconomic problem. Note : The following question is for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 15. State and explain any two measures that can be taken by the Central Bank to control the situation of deficient demand.

(A) "Income of an economy increased from ` 20,000 to ` 50,000 crore. Savings of the economy increased from ` 2,000 crore to ` 10,000 crore." (i) Calculate Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Average Propensity to Save (APS), before and after the rise in income. (4) (ii) Draw appropriate conclusion regarding the behaviour of Average Propensity to Consume (APC) as his income increases. (2) OR (B) "Under a study, examining the spending habits of a hypothetical economy, it was observed that even households with zero income managed to consume basic necessities. As the income of people increased, their consumption also increased, but not as rapidly as income." Based on the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions : (i) Identify and elaborate the type of consumption indicated in the first para of the above text. (3) (ii) Explain, the reason behind the positive slope of Aggregate Demand Curve. (3)

Differentiate between the two types of taxes indicated in the above text, with suitable examples.

Elaborate the likely consequences of the tax projections made by the government.

Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : During the British rule in India, the export surplus was utilised to import of invisible items from Britain. Statement 2 : Indians paid for the expenses incurred by an office set up by the colonial government in Britain. In the light of above statements, choose the correct option from the following :

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : Education facilitates the assimilation of knowledge and competencies. It also fosters inventive capacities and enhances the aptitude to integrate advance technology. Reason (R) : Education plays a pivotal role in transforming cognitive perspectives and serves as a catalyst for the economic advancement of a nation.

Read the following text carefully : "In the recent times, the Government of India, has introduced several measures to encourage greater public participation in the capital market, including both primary and secondary stock markets." Under which sector have the above mentioned reforms been introduced ? (Choose the correct option)

The Montreal Protocol was signed in the year 1987 committing nations to __________. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : The notion of rural development encompasses a far wider spectrum than agricultural advancement. Reason (R) : Government interventions in the agricultural sector remain imperative, as it constitutes the primary means of sustanance for the rural population.

Identify, which of the following, highlights a highly relevant issue associated with evolving employment trends in India's labour market ?

Match the terms given in Column-I with their respective meaning in Column-II. Select the correct option : Column-I | Column-II (i) Seasonal Unemployment | (a) Private enterprises hiring less than 10 employees (ii) Self-employed | (b) Workers using their own resources to earn livelihood (iii) Unorganised sector | (c) Unemployment occurring in specific season (iv) Disguised Unemployment | (d) Zero Marginal Productivity

"Sustainable development refers to the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations, to meet their own needs." The above mentioned definition has been given by __________. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : The Government of India adopted the measure of regulation of markets to improve marketing conditions for agricultural products. Reason (R) : Regulation of market ensured transparent pricing, fair trade practices, and protection for farmers against exploitation in agricultural marketing.

Arrange the following events in China's economic development history in correct chronological sequence and select the correct option : I. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. II. Great leap forward III. Introduction of Economic Reforms IV. Launch of the First Five Year Plan

(A) "Employment in the formal sector guarantees better income and social benefits compared to informal sector job." Defend or refute the above statement with valid reason and example. OR (B) During the `Mann ki Baat' program aired on 29th June, 2025, Prime Minister shared that World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared India as a Trachoma free (an eye disease). This achievement, he shared, is a result of sustained efforts in health care, sanitation, awareness and medical access. In the light of the above statement, explain how investments in health care contributes to a nation's development. Support your answer with valid arguments.

"In the late 1970's China's population growth rate has sharply declined as compared to India." Elucidate the reasons and impacts of this situation.

(A) State and explain any two changes which were observed in India's occupational structure during the British Rule. OR (B) "The British sought to achieve their vested interest through their policies of infrastructural development in India." Do you agree with the given statement ? Justify your answer with valid explanation.

"At the time of independence, both India and Pakistan inherited similar colonial economic structures. Both the nations adopted many similar economic planning strategies." Explain any two such similarities in the developmental path of India and Pakistan.

State the meaning of `Disguised Unemployment'.

In the light of the given chart, analyse the gender-wise sectoral distribution of workers. Note : The following question is for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 32 (B). Elaborate any two reasons behind more women employed in economic activities in Rural areas as compared to Urbans areas.

(A) (i) Mr. Ravi, an IT entrepreneur from Bengaluru, observed that several MNC's prefer India as their outsourcing Hub for services like software development, customer support, data management etc. His friend Priya believes this is due to certain inherent advantages of the Indian economy. In your opinion, state and explain any two factors that make India a preferred outsourcing destination. (3) (ii) "In the post-independence era, India adopted a protective tariff policy." Do you agree with the given statement ? Justify your answer with any two valid arguments. (3) OR (B) (i) `Strategic sale of a public sector undertaking and minority sale of their shares are methods of disinvestment.' Defend or refute the given statement with valid argument. (3) (ii) Discuss briefly, how bilateral trade agreements are different from multilateral trade agreements ? (3)

Identify, which law guarantees free and compulsory education upto the age of 14 years. Explain, how does it help in enhancing access to education. (1+2)

In your opinion, how has the increase in public spending on education contributed to India's social and economic transformation ? Support your answer with valid arguments.