(A) (i) Sugarcane does not produce seeds so name the process through which it will be able to reproduce.

(ii) List any two advantages of this method.

(iii) Besides sugarcane, give two more examples of plants that reproduce by this method.

(iv) Why regeneration is not possible in all the types of animals?

OR

(B) (i) In an angiospermic flower, fertilization is said to take place when male gametes carried in the pollen tube fuse with the female gamete, present in the embryo sac. This results in lot of changes in different parts of the flower. State the changes taking place in the following structures of flower post fertilization:

(a) Zygote

(b) Ovule

(c) Ovary

(d) Sepals

(ii) Define germination.

Part (A):

(i) Sugarcane reproduces through vegetative propagation, a mode of asexual reproduction in which parts of the plant such as the stem develop into new plants, used through methods such as layering or grafting.

(ii) Two advantages of vegetative propagation:

1. Plants raised by vegetative propagation bear flowers and fruits earlier than plants produced from seeds.
2. It makes possible the propagation of plants (such as banana, orange, rose and jasmine) that have lost the capacity to produce seeds; also, all plants produced are genetically similar enough to the parent plant to have all its characteristics.

(iii) Two more examples of plants that reproduce by vegetative propagation: Rose and grapes (other acceptable examples from the chapter: banana, orange, jasmine, potato, Bryophyllum, money-plant).

(iv) Regeneration is not possible in all types of animals because it is carried out by specialised cells that proliferate and form a mass of cells, which then undergo an organised sequence of changes (development) to form various cell types and tissues. Only simple animals with relatively simple body organisation, such as Hydra and Planaria, possess enough of these specialised regenerative cells throughout their bodies to allow any cut piece to regrow into a complete organism. More complex animals have highly specialised tissues and organs arranged in a carefully organised body plan, and they lack such widespread specialised regenerative cells, so regeneration (as opposed to normal sexual reproduction) is not a viable strategy for them.

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Part (B):

(i) Changes taking place after fertilisation:

(a) Zygote – The zygote, formed by fusion of the male and female gametes, divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.

(b) Ovule – The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed, containing the future plant (embryo) within it.

(c) Ovary – The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.

(d) Sepals – The sepals (along with the petals, stamens, style and stigma) shrivel and fall off after fertilisation.

(ii) Germination: Germination is the process by which the embryo present inside a seed develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions (such as adequate moisture, air and warmth).