(a) Draw a diagram illustrating fertilization in a flowering plant and label on it : Male germ cell, Ovary, Female germ cell and Pollen grain. (b) Distinguish between self pollination and cross pollination. OR (a) What is spore formation ? (b) Draw a diagram showing spore formation in Rhizopus. (c) List two advantages for organisms to reproduce themselves through spores.

(a) Fertilization in flowering plants involves the transfer of pollen to the stigma, followed by the growth of a pollen tube to reach the female germ cell in the ovary.

(b) Distinction between self-pollination and cross-pollination:

1. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the same flower.
2. Cross-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same or different plant of the same species, often mediated by agents like wind, water, or animals.

OR

(a) Spore formation is an asexual mode of reproduction where specialized reproductive structures called sporangia produce tiny, unicellular bodies called spores. These spores are capable of developing into new individuals under favorable conditions.

(b) Diagram of Spore Formation in Rhizopus (see below).

(c) Two advantages of reproducing through spores:

1. Protection: Spores are covered by thick walls that protect them from unfavorable environmental conditions until they come into contact with a moist surface.
2. Survival: It allows the organism to survive in a dormant state until conditions become suitable for growth.